Revision: the past participle
The past participle of regular verbs ends in -(e)t.
The past participle of irregular verbs usually ends in -en.
For most verbs, the past participle begins with ge-. Some verbs which make the past participle without ge- are:
- Verbs that end in -ieren
- Verbs with inseparable prefixes, i.e., be-, ent-, er-, ver-, zer-
In separable verbs, the -ge- comes between the prefix and the verb stem.
Examples: regular verbs
| Infinitive | Past participle |
| stürzen | ge-stürz-t |
| passieren | passier-t |
| aufwachen | auf-ge-wach-t |
Examples: irregular verbs
| Infinitive | Past participle |
| liegen | ge-leg-en |
| verstehen | verstand-en |
| mitnehmen | mit-ge-nomm-en |