Grammar

Commands without using the imperative

When you want a person to do something, you use a sentence in the form of a command. Commands can be used to express a request, advice, a warning or instructions. You've already learned all about commands using the formal and informal imperative.

Examples:
Informal: Pack die nassen Sachen in die Waschmaschine!
Formal: Nehmen Sie sich ein Handtuch.

But there are also various ways of expressing commands without using the imperative.

1. Using the infinitive to express a command
This is often the case in recipes, operating instructions and public announcements.

Examples:
Zuerst die Tür öffnen, Wäsche reinlegen, die Temperatur einstellen und dann die Waschmaschine anstellen.
Die Tomaten schneiden und mit dem Fleisch in einen Topf geben.
Türen bitte schließen.

2. Using modal verbs to express commands
"sollen" and "müssen" are modal verbs which also can be used to express instructions, advice and commands.

Examples:
Du musst die nassen Klamotten ausziehen.
Du sollst die Sachen in die Waschmaschine packen.

3. Declarative sentences
Perfectly normal declarative sentences can also have an imperative character depending on the situation, context and emphasis.

Example:
Du ziehst jetzt die nassen Sachen aus und packst sie in die Waschmaschine!

4. Interrogative sentences (questions) with the word "können" or in the subjunctive II
Commands can also be in the form of questions. That's much more polite than using the imperative. This usually requires using the subjunctive II or "können".

Examples:
Anna, kannst du mal herkommen? (= Anna, bitte komm mal her.)
Könntest du mir bitte helfen? (= Bitte hilf mir.)
Würdest du mir zeigen, wie die Maschine funktioniert? (= Bitte zeig mir, wie die Maschine funktioniert.)

5. Passive sentences
Some verbs can be used in the passive to express the imperative. This also applies to verbs that otherwise wouldn't be used in the passive because they take no accusative or dative objects. These types of passive sentences are impersonal, so they don't have a subject.

Example:
Jetzt wird geduscht und danach wird geschlafen!

6. Past participles
Sometimes only the past participle of a verb is used to give strict commands, orders or instructions, for example in the military.

Examples:
Aufgepasst!
Hingesetzt!

7. Adverbs, adjectives and nouns
Certain individual words and turns of phrase can be used on their own as commands. In most cases, these types of commands are abbreviated, incomplete sentences.

Examples:
Los, Anna! – (Geh/Fahr) los, Anna!
Harry, raus mit der Sprache! – Harry, (rück jetzt) raus mit der Sprache!
Leise! – (Sei/Seid/Seien Sie) leise!
(zu) Hilfe! – (Komm/Kommt/Kommen Sie mir zu) Hilfe!